A groundbreaking study at Tel Aviv University (TAU) has effectively eradicated glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) – a highly lethal type of brain cancer – in mouse models in the lab. The researchers achieved the result using a method they developed based on their discovery of two critical mechanisms in the brain that support tumor growth and survival: One protects cancer cells from the immune system, while the other supplies the energy required for rapid tumor growth.
The team found that both mechanisms are controlled by brain cells called astrocytes that support nerve cells, and when they are absent, the tumor cells die and are eliminated.
“These findings provide a promising basis for developing effective medications for GBM, an aggressive and thus far incurable cancer, as well as other types of brain tumors,” said the researchers.
Glioblastoma can occur in the brain or spinal cord and develop at any age, although it tends to develop in older adults. Its causes are largely unknown, but the cancer often appears in people with rare genetic conditions such as Turcot syndrome, neurofibromatosis type 1 and Li Fraumeni syndrome, due to mutations in a specific gene that causes many of the characteristic features of glioblastoma.
Initial symptoms include headaches that get worse, nausea, vomiting and seizures. These tend to occur in the early morning and often become persistent or severe; the type of seizures depends on where in the brain the tumor is located. Only one in 10 victims of this cancer survive for five years. It accounts for 48% of all primary malignant brain tumors, with more than 10,000 people in the US alone dying of it in an average year.
In GBM, “the tumor cells are highly resistant to all known therapies,” the researchers said, adding that, “sadly, patient life expectancy has not increased significantly in the last 50 years.”
How did they conduct the study?
The study was led by doctoral student Rita Perelroizen, under the supervision of Dr. Lior Mayo of the Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research and the Sagol School of Neuroscience, in collaboration with Prof. Eytan Ruppin of the US National Institutes of Health (NIH).
The paper, which was published in the prestigious scientific journal Brain under the title “Astrocyte immunometabolic regulation of the tumour microenvironment drives glioblastoma pathogenicity,” was highlighted with special commentary.
The researchers tackled GBM’s challenges from a new angle. Instead of focusing on the tumor, they targeted its supportive microenvironment – the tissue that surrounds the tumor cells. “Specifically, we studied astrocytes – a major class of brain cells that support normal brain function, which was discovered about 200 years ago and named for their star-like shape,” Mayo explained.
“Over the past decade, research from us and others revealed additional astrocyte functions that either alleviate or aggravate various brain diseases. Under the microscope, we found that activated astrocytes surrounded GBM tumors. Based on this observation, we set out to investigate the role of astrocytes in glioblastoma tumor growth.”
Using mice in which they could eliminate active astrocytes around the tumor, the researchers found that in these star-like brain cells, the cancer killed all animals with glioblastoma tumors within four or five weeks. Applying a unique method to specifically eradicate the astrocytes near the tumor, they observed a dramatic outcome – the cancer disappeared within days, and all treated animals survived. Moreover, even after discontinuing treatment, most animals continued to survive.
“In the absence of astrocytes, the tumor quickly disappeared, and in most cases, there was no relapse – indicating that the astrocytes are essential to tumor progression and survival,” said Mayo. “Therefore, we investigated the underlying mechanisms: How do astrocytes transform from cells that support normal brain activity into cells that support malignant tumor growth?”
To answer these questions, the researchers compared the gene expression of astrocytes isolated both from healthy brains and from glioblastoma tumors.
They found two main differences – thereby identifying the changes that astrocytes undergo when exposed to GBM. The first change was in the immune response to glioblastoma. “The tumor mass includes up to 40% immune cells – mostly macrophages recruited from the blood or from the brain itself,” Mayo said. “Furthermore, astrocytes can send signals that summon immune cells to places in the brain that need protection.
“In this study, we found that astrocytes continue to fulfill this role in the presence of glioblastoma tumors,” Mayo continued. “However, once the summoned immune cells reach the tumor, the astrocytes ‘persuade’ them to ‘change sides’ and support the tumor instead of attacking it. Specifically, we found that the astrocytes change the ability of recruited immune cells to attack the tumor both directly and indirectly – thereby protecting the tumor and facilitating its growth.”
The second change through which astrocytes support glioblastoma is by modulating their access to energy – via the production and transfer of cholesterol to the tumor cells. “The malignant glioblastoma cells divide rapidly, a process that demands a great deal of energy. With access to energy sources in the blood barred by the blood-brain barrier, they must obtain this energy from the cholesterol produced in the brain itself – namely in the astrocytes’ ‘cholesterol factory’ that usually supplies energy to neurons and other brain cells,” he said.
“We discovered that the astrocytes surrounding the tumor increase the production of cholesterol and supply it to the cancer cells. Therefore, we hypothesized that, because the tumor depends on this cholesterol as its main source of energy, eliminating this supply will starve the tumor.”
Next, the researchers engineered the astrocytes near the tumor to stop expressing a specific protein that transports cholesterol (ABCA1), preventing them from releasing cholesterol into the tumor. Once again, the results were dramatic; with no access to the cholesterol produced by astrocytes, the tumor was essentially “starved” to death in just a few days. These remarkable results were obtained in both animal models and GBM samples taken from human patients, and are consistent with the researchers’ starvation hypothesis.
“This work sheds new light on the role of the blood-brain barrier in treating brain diseases,” Mayo said. “The normal purpose of this barrier is to protect the brain by preventing the passage of substances from the blood to the brain. But in the event of a brain disease, this barrier makes it challenging to deliver medications to the brain and is considered an obstacle to treatment.
“Our findings suggest that, at least in the specific case of glioblastoma, the blood-brain barrier may be beneficial to future treatments as it generates a unique vulnerability – the tumor’s dependence on brain-produced cholesterol. We think this weakness can translate into a unique therapeutic opportunity.”
The project also examined databases from hundreds of human glioblastoma patients and correlated them with the results described above. “For each patient, we examined the expression levels of genes that either neutralize the immune response or provide the tumor with a cholesterol-based energy supply,” the team wrote. “We found that patients with low expression of these identified genes lived longer, thus supporting the concept that the genes and processes identified are important to the survival of glioblastoma patients.”
“Currently, tools to eliminate the astrocytes surrounding the tumor are available in animal models, but not in humans,” Mayo concluded by saying. “The challenge now is to develop drugs that target the specific processes in the astrocytes that promote tumor growth. Alternatively, existing drugs may be repurposed to inhibit mechanisms identified in this study.
“We think that the conceptual breakthroughs provided by this study will accelerate success in the fight against glioblastoma and hope that our findings will serve as a basis for the development of effective treatments for this deadly brain cancer and other types of brain tumors.”